Tuesday, July 17, 2007
Tuesday, July 10, 2007
The First Big Hitter In Genetic Change: Androgens
Make no mistake; nothing else mentioned in this book will help you grow like androgens, as they are the basic building block for increasing muscle size and strength. All other things only serve to enhance androgens. So whether you use a natural testosterone booster or a pro-hormone or real juice, you need the basics to build your genetic house. Androgens have been shown to create new muscle growth in multiple ways, both by increasing protein synthesis (filling up your muscle balloons) and increasing the differentiation of satellite cells (making more muscle balloons). That makes them the ultimate starting point for a genetic anabolic cocktail.
What are androgens? Quite simply they are testosterone and its derivatives, both legal and illegal. Guess when your body produces the most testosterone? You got it, puberty! That’s why you can gain mad muscle cells if you simply work out and eat right when you are in high school. Eating right is important because your body isn’t going to make new muscle cells if it doesn’t have the protein to fill up the ones it already has (which is why so many high school students work out without results). Growing muscle during puberty happens in the kitchen, not just the gym, but that is another book.
Androgens are the most potent muscle builders you can take. Luckily with our products you get the best of both worlds, increased androgen production without the negative side effects that SCARE the hell out of most people. You can start small and use something like Formadrol Extreme or you can jump up to our prohormones (Liquid Masterdrol and Methyl 1-D) or you can go the illegal route and hit juice (we don’t recommend this by the way). People doing our Trifecta Stack are routinely hitting 8-12lbs of muscle in a month without losing their gains. If you juice, you can probably increase that to 15-17lbs but when you grow that quickly, you rarely keep your gains. Slow, steady gains might not feel as exciting, but they are the way to build a body, not an ego! The combination of Stanolone (Liquid Masterdrol) plus Testosterone (Methyl 1-D) is a very powerful combination and gives you the ULTIMATE in safety and also gives REAL gains that you would see from a SANE steroid cycle, without the negatives! All these products are available from LG Sciences on the web at www.lgsciences.com
So, how do you get a spike in androgens? Many ways… The first way is to use an herbal product that typically will trick your body into increasing output of Luteinizing Hormone. These were made popular with products like Tribulusä and have come a long way with the advent of newer ingredients like Long Jackä and others out on the market. Some of them, like Horny Goat Weedä only serve to boost sex drive and have not been shown to enhance testosterone production.
Another way is to use a natural testosterone booster like LG Sciences Formadrol Extreme, which tricks your body into producing more testosterone by blocking estrogen in the body. This can give you levels above even the very highest natural range (a normal man ranges from 250 ng/dl of testosterone to 900 ng/dl). Formadrol Extreme and similar products trick your body into producing more testosterone and can be very useful as a natural anabolic booster, getting your testosterone levels into the 1400ng/dl range. It is also great for Post Cycle Therapy after a steroid or pro-hormone cycle. They are also useful in combating gynecomastia, commonly called "bitch tits".
The third way to boost your androgen levels is the use of pro-hormones. First made popular by "Andro", pro-hormones use the basic building blocks of testosterone to force your body into producing more testosterone through the action of enzymes. The first generation of testosterone boosters, like Andro, had tons of side effects and didn’t work very well. Newer pro-hormones like 1-AD were better, but were still not up to the full value of a steroid cycle. The latest crop of pro-hormones, like Methyl-1-D and Liquid Masterdrol by LG Sciences, reduce the side effects, prolong the half-life in the body and reduce conversion to unwanted, side effect producing by-products like Estrogen. The use of pro-hormones can give you testosterone levels that rival even the strongest steroids, raising your testosterone levels to 3000-3500 ng/dl if used properly. All products are available from www.lgsciences.com
LG Sciences is a pro-hormone that is formulated to reduce side effects, provide maximum safety and give you AMAZING results. It’s the real basis for our genetics-changing stack. For a more advanced stack, use Liquid-Masterdrol along with Methyl-1-D for the best possible combination of prohormones that hit both the more androgenic (Liquid Masterdrol) and more anabolic (Methyl 1-D) aspects of growth. Methyl 1-D is available from www.lgsciences.com
PROHORMONES SHOULD NEVER BE USED BY ANYONE UNDER 21
The fourth way to boost androgen levels is to use artificial illegal steroids to boost your testosterone levels above even the highest legal levels that pro-hormones can give. I am not here to make a value statement about steroids, but I am just pointing out the option to anyone that is in a foreign country that allows steroid use or is using androgens with a doctor’s prescription.
We highly suggest that you do not use illegal anabolic steroids for obvious reasons and we hope that you respect the law and your body by using natural substances that are safer alternatives. If you do use steroids however, we recommend that you do so safely, cycling off them for at least a month at a time, taking supplements like Fish Oil to cleanse your liver and reduce the chance of cardiovascular side effects. Now, that being said, steroids are obviously not that dangerous, since prescription compounds, such as Testosterone Gel, are being pushed as the next great development (never mind that the Testosterone Gels on the market are loaded with side effects including conversion to DHT which aggravates the prostate and estrogen that can promote breast cancer, even in men). Once the root of all evil, steroids are suddenly completely safe and side effect free when turned into a prescription drug. Wake up people! Again, we don’t encourage you to use steroids, but if you do, please consider doing them safely (there is a section at the end of good supplements to take with steroids that will offer some nice protection from their side effects).
So, if you are going to do a cycle of steroids, this is the perfect time to add in some serious genetic expression supplements to maximize your growth. One of the funniest things I see is the juice crowd bashing the supplement crowd, when in reality someone on a cycle will probably benefit the most from proper supplementation.
Studies show that androgens do indeed cause genetic changes that can benefit powerlifters and bodybuilders.
Here you see how increasing testosterone through natural boosting, pro-hormones or illegal anabolic steroids can vastly increase satellite muscle cell expression. This is the first real pathway that the body uses to increase muscle size and the number of muscle cells. By increasing the raw number of satellite cells, testosterone is the foundation of our genetic altering arsenal.
Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids.Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, Thornell LE.Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umea
University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
The morphological appearance of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle from high-level power-lifters on long-term anabolic steroid supplementation (PAS) and power-lifters never taking anabolic steroids (P) was compared. The effects of long- and short-term supplementation were compared. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigations were performed to assess muscle fiber type composition, fiber area, and number of myonuclei per fiber, internal myonuclei, myonuclear domains and proportion of satellite cells. The PAS group had larger type I, IIA, IIAB and IIC fiber areas (p<0.05).> or = 5 myonuclei. The results of AS on VL morphology in this study were similar to previously reported short-term effects of AS on VL. The initial effects from AS appear to be maintained for several years.
Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.
Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Androgens stimulate myogenesis, but we do not know what cell types within human skeletal muscle express the androgen receptor (AR) protein and are the target of androgen action. Because testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent, mesenchymal cells into myogenic lineage, we hypothesized that AR would be expressed in mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle. AR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy in sections of vastus lateralis from healthy men before and after treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone enanthate. Satellite cell cultures from human skeletal muscle were also tested for AR expression. AR protein was expressed predominantly in satellite cells, identified by their location outside sarcolemma and inside basal lamina, and by CD34 and C-met staining. Many myonuclei in muscle fibers also demonstrated AR immunostaining. Additionally, CD34+ stem cells in the interstitium, fibroblasts, and mast cells expressed AR immunoreactivity. AR expression was also observed in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed aggregation of immunogold particles in nucleoli of satellite cells and myonuclei; testosterone treatment increased nucleolar AR density. In enriched cultures of human satellite cells, more than 95% of cells stained for CD34 and C-met, confirming their identity as satellite cells, and expressed AR protein. AR mRNA and protein expression in satellite cell cultures was confirmed by RT-PCR, reverse transcription and real-time PCR, sequencing of RT-PCR product, and Western blot analysis. Incubation of satellite cell cultures with supraphysiological testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations (100 nm testosterone and 30 nm dihydrotestosterone) modestly increased AR protein levels. We conclude that AR is expressed in several cell types in human skeletal muscle, including satellite cells, fibroblasts, CD34+ precursor cells, vascular endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells. Satellite cells are the predominant site of AR expression. These observations support the hypothesis that androgens increase muscle mass in part by acting on several cell types to regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle.
That being said, we can safely increase testosterone using supplements and don’t need illegal anabolic steroids! Pro-hormones boost natural testosterone by giving you the building blocks for testosterone and other steroid hormones. Pro-hormones are the safest, most effective way to boost testosterone without using drugs. The second way is to use natural testosterone boosters. There are many on the market, like tribulus, long jack and others. The best combination is an anti-estrogen that tricks your body into producing more testosterone. There are many of these products on the market, but the latest generations are far more effective and have fewer or no negative effects on the body. Here is what some peer reviewed journal entries say about using testosterone to activate satellite cells:
Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men.
Sinha-Hikim I, Roth SM, Lee MI, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Testosterone (T) supplementation in men induces muscle fiber hypertrophy. We hypothesized that T-induced increase in muscle fiber size is associated with a dose-dependent increase in satellite cell number. We quantitated satellite cell and myonuclear number by using direct counting and spatial orientation methods in biopsies of vastus lateralis obtained at baseline and after 20 wk of treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a 125-, 300-, or 600-mg weekly dose of T enanthate. T administration was associated with a significant increase in myonuclear number in men receiving 300- and 600-mg doses. The posttreatment percent satellite cell number, obtained by direct counting, differed significantly among the three groups (ANCOVA P < 0.000001); the mean posttreatment values (5.0 and 15.0%) in men treated with 300- and 600-mg doses were greater than baseline (2.5 and 2.5%, respectively, P < 0.05 vs. baseline). The absolute satellite cell number measured by spatial orientation at 20 wk (1.5 and 4.0/mm) was significantly greater than baseline (0.3 and 0.6/mm) in men receiving the 300- and 600-mg doses (P < 0.05). The change in percent satellite cell number correlated with changes in total (r = 0.548) and free T concentrations (r = 0.468). Satellite cell and mitochondrial areas were significantly higher and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio lower after treatment with 300- and 600-mg doses. We conclude that T-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number, a proportionate increase in myonuclear number, and changes in satellite cell ultrastructure.
Androgen regulation of satellite cell function.
Chen Y, Zajac JD, MacLean HE.Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
Androgen treatment can enhance the size and strength of muscle. However, the mechanisms of androgen action in skeletal muscle are poorly understood. This review discusses potential mechanisms by which androgens regulate satellite cell activation and function. Studies have demonstrated that androgen administration increases satellite cell numbers in animals and humans in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, androgens increase androgen receptor levels in satellite cells. In vitro, the results are contradictory as to whether androgens regulate satellite cell proliferation or differentiation. IGF-I is one major target of androgen action in satellite cells. In addition, the possibility of non-genomic actions of androgens on satellite cells is discussed. In summary, this review focuses on exploring potential mechanisms through which androgens regulate satellite cells, by analyzing developments from research in this area.
Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.
Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Androgens stimulate myogenesis, but we do not know what cell types within human skeletal muscle express the androgen receptor (AR) protein and are the target of androgen action. Because testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent, mesenchymal cells into myogenic lineage, we hypothesized that AR would be expressed in mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle. AR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy in sections of vastus lateralis from healthy men before and after treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone enanthate. Satellite cell cultures from human skeletal muscle were also tested for AR expression. AR protein was expressed predominantly in satellite cells, identified by their location outside sarcolemma and inside basal lamina, and by CD34 and C-met staining. Many myonuclei in muscle fibers also demonstrated AR immunostaining. Additionally, CD34+ stem cells in the interstitium, fibroblasts, and mast cells expressed AR immunoreactivity. AR expression was also observed in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed aggregation of immunogold particles in nucleoli of satellite cells and myonuclei; testosterone treatment increased nucleolar AR density. In enriched cultures of human satellite cells, more than 95% of cells stained for CD34 and C-met, confirming their identity as satellite cells, and expressed AR protein. AR mRNA and protein expression in satellite cell cultures was confirmed by RT-PCR, reverse transcription and real-time PCR, sequencing of RT-PCR product, and Western blot analysis. Incubation of satellite cell cultures with supraphysiological testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations (100 nm testosterone and 30 nm dihydrotestosterone) modestly increased AR protein levels. We conclude that AR is expressed in several cell types in human skeletal muscle, including satellite cells, fibroblasts, CD34+ precursor cells, vascular endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells. Satellite cells are the predominant site of AR expression. These observations support the hypothesis that androgens increase muscle mass in part by acting on several cell types to regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle.
Testosterone action on skeletal muscle.
Herbst KL, Bhasin S.UCLA School of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent data demonstrating direct anabolic effects of androgens on the mammalian skeletal muscle and review the mechanisms by which testosterone regulates body composition. RECENT FINDINGS: Testosterone increases lean body mass and decreases fat mass in young men; the magnitude of the changes induced by testosterone in lean and fat mass are correlated with testosterone dose and the prevalent testosterone concentrations. Older men are as responsive to the anabolic effects of testosterone on the muscle as young men, but have increased frequency of adverse events with higher testosterone doses. This reciprocal change in lean and fat mass induced by androgens is best explained by the hypothesis that androgens promote the commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into myogenic lineage and inhibit adipogenesis through an androgen receptor mediated pathway. Resident muscle satellite cells increase in number with testosterone administration forming myoblasts leading to greater numbers of myonuclei in larger myofibers. Testosterone administration is associated with increased size of motor neurons. The roles of 5-alpha reduction and aromatization of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, respectively, in mediating testosterone effects on body composition are poorly understood. SUMMARY: Testosterone induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy by multiple mechanisms, including its effects in modulating the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal cells. These changes in skeletal muscle lead to improved muscle strength and leg power; however, further studies are needed to determine the effects of testosterone on physical function and health-related outcomes in sarcopenia associated with aging and chronic illness.
Here you see how increasing testosterone through natural boosting, pro-hormones or illegal anabolic steroids can vastly increase satellite muscle cell expression. This is the first real pathway that the body uses to increase muscle size and the number of muscle cells. By increasing the raw number of satellite cells, testosterone is the foundation of our genetic altering arsenal.
Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. This book will demonstrate how the body will try and resist your efforts to grow insane muscles and how, as you age, the ability to create new muscle cells decline so make those cells now! The book is backed by science! This is the most amazing break through in supplement history! The book is available from the LG Sciences website www.lgsciences.com
Make no mistake; nothing else mentioned in this book will help you grow like androgens, as they are the basic building block for increasing muscle size and strength. All other things only serve to enhance androgens. So whether you use a natural testosterone booster or a pro-hormone or real juice, you need the basics to build your genetic house. Androgens have been shown to create new muscle growth in multiple ways, both by increasing protein synthesis (filling up your muscle balloons) and increasing the differentiation of satellite cells (making more muscle balloons). That makes them the ultimate starting point for a genetic anabolic cocktail.
What are androgens? Quite simply they are testosterone and its derivatives, both legal and illegal. Guess when your body produces the most testosterone? You got it, puberty! That’s why you can gain mad muscle cells if you simply work out and eat right when you are in high school. Eating right is important because your body isn’t going to make new muscle cells if it doesn’t have the protein to fill up the ones it already has (which is why so many high school students work out without results). Growing muscle during puberty happens in the kitchen, not just the gym, but that is another book.
Androgens are the most potent muscle builders you can take. Luckily with our products you get the best of both worlds, increased androgen production without the negative side effects that SCARE the hell out of most people. You can start small and use something like Formadrol Extreme or you can jump up to our prohormones (Liquid Masterdrol and Methyl 1-D) or you can go the illegal route and hit juice (we don’t recommend this by the way). People doing our Trifecta Stack are routinely hitting 8-12lbs of muscle in a month without losing their gains. If you juice, you can probably increase that to 15-17lbs but when you grow that quickly, you rarely keep your gains. Slow, steady gains might not feel as exciting, but they are the way to build a body, not an ego! The combination of Stanolone (Liquid Masterdrol) plus Testosterone (Methyl 1-D) is a very powerful combination and gives you the ULTIMATE in safety and also gives REAL gains that you would see from a SANE steroid cycle, without the negatives! All these products are available from LG Sciences on the web at www.lgsciences.com
So, how do you get a spike in androgens? Many ways… The first way is to use an herbal product that typically will trick your body into increasing output of Luteinizing Hormone. These were made popular with products like Tribulusä and have come a long way with the advent of newer ingredients like Long Jackä and others out on the market. Some of them, like Horny Goat Weedä only serve to boost sex drive and have not been shown to enhance testosterone production.
Another way is to use a natural testosterone booster like LG Sciences Formadrol Extreme, which tricks your body into producing more testosterone by blocking estrogen in the body. This can give you levels above even the very highest natural range (a normal man ranges from 250 ng/dl of testosterone to 900 ng/dl). Formadrol Extreme and similar products trick your body into producing more testosterone and can be very useful as a natural anabolic booster, getting your testosterone levels into the 1400ng/dl range. It is also great for Post Cycle Therapy after a steroid or pro-hormone cycle. They are also useful in combating gynecomastia, commonly called "bitch tits".
The third way to boost your androgen levels is the use of pro-hormones. First made popular by "Andro", pro-hormones use the basic building blocks of testosterone to force your body into producing more testosterone through the action of enzymes. The first generation of testosterone boosters, like Andro, had tons of side effects and didn’t work very well. Newer pro-hormones like 1-AD were better, but were still not up to the full value of a steroid cycle. The latest crop of pro-hormones, like Methyl-1-D and Liquid Masterdrol by LG Sciences, reduce the side effects, prolong the half-life in the body and reduce conversion to unwanted, side effect producing by-products like Estrogen. The use of pro-hormones can give you testosterone levels that rival even the strongest steroids, raising your testosterone levels to 3000-3500 ng/dl if used properly. All products are available from www.lgsciences.com
LG Sciences is a pro-hormone that is formulated to reduce side effects, provide maximum safety and give you AMAZING results. It’s the real basis for our genetics-changing stack. For a more advanced stack, use Liquid-Masterdrol along with Methyl-1-D for the best possible combination of prohormones that hit both the more androgenic (Liquid Masterdrol) and more anabolic (Methyl 1-D) aspects of growth. Methyl 1-D is available from www.lgsciences.com
PROHORMONES SHOULD NEVER BE USED BY ANYONE UNDER 21
The fourth way to boost androgen levels is to use artificial illegal steroids to boost your testosterone levels above even the highest legal levels that pro-hormones can give. I am not here to make a value statement about steroids, but I am just pointing out the option to anyone that is in a foreign country that allows steroid use or is using androgens with a doctor’s prescription.
We highly suggest that you do not use illegal anabolic steroids for obvious reasons and we hope that you respect the law and your body by using natural substances that are safer alternatives. If you do use steroids however, we recommend that you do so safely, cycling off them for at least a month at a time, taking supplements like Fish Oil to cleanse your liver and reduce the chance of cardiovascular side effects. Now, that being said, steroids are obviously not that dangerous, since prescription compounds, such as Testosterone Gel, are being pushed as the next great development (never mind that the Testosterone Gels on the market are loaded with side effects including conversion to DHT which aggravates the prostate and estrogen that can promote breast cancer, even in men). Once the root of all evil, steroids are suddenly completely safe and side effect free when turned into a prescription drug. Wake up people! Again, we don’t encourage you to use steroids, but if you do, please consider doing them safely (there is a section at the end of good supplements to take with steroids that will offer some nice protection from their side effects).
So, if you are going to do a cycle of steroids, this is the perfect time to add in some serious genetic expression supplements to maximize your growth. One of the funniest things I see is the juice crowd bashing the supplement crowd, when in reality someone on a cycle will probably benefit the most from proper supplementation.
Studies show that androgens do indeed cause genetic changes that can benefit powerlifters and bodybuilders.
Here you see how increasing testosterone through natural boosting, pro-hormones or illegal anabolic steroids can vastly increase satellite muscle cell expression. This is the first real pathway that the body uses to increase muscle size and the number of muscle cells. By increasing the raw number of satellite cells, testosterone is the foundation of our genetic altering arsenal.
Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids.Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, Thornell LE.Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umea
University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
The morphological appearance of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle from high-level power-lifters on long-term anabolic steroid supplementation (PAS) and power-lifters never taking anabolic steroids (P) was compared. The effects of long- and short-term supplementation were compared. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigations were performed to assess muscle fiber type composition, fiber area, and number of myonuclei per fiber, internal myonuclei, myonuclear domains and proportion of satellite cells. The PAS group had larger type I, IIA, IIAB and IIC fiber areas (p<0.05).> or = 5 myonuclei. The results of AS on VL morphology in this study were similar to previously reported short-term effects of AS on VL. The initial effects from AS appear to be maintained for several years.
Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.
Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Androgens stimulate myogenesis, but we do not know what cell types within human skeletal muscle express the androgen receptor (AR) protein and are the target of androgen action. Because testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent, mesenchymal cells into myogenic lineage, we hypothesized that AR would be expressed in mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle. AR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy in sections of vastus lateralis from healthy men before and after treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone enanthate. Satellite cell cultures from human skeletal muscle were also tested for AR expression. AR protein was expressed predominantly in satellite cells, identified by their location outside sarcolemma and inside basal lamina, and by CD34 and C-met staining. Many myonuclei in muscle fibers also demonstrated AR immunostaining. Additionally, CD34+ stem cells in the interstitium, fibroblasts, and mast cells expressed AR immunoreactivity. AR expression was also observed in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed aggregation of immunogold particles in nucleoli of satellite cells and myonuclei; testosterone treatment increased nucleolar AR density. In enriched cultures of human satellite cells, more than 95% of cells stained for CD34 and C-met, confirming their identity as satellite cells, and expressed AR protein. AR mRNA and protein expression in satellite cell cultures was confirmed by RT-PCR, reverse transcription and real-time PCR, sequencing of RT-PCR product, and Western blot analysis. Incubation of satellite cell cultures with supraphysiological testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations (100 nm testosterone and 30 nm dihydrotestosterone) modestly increased AR protein levels. We conclude that AR is expressed in several cell types in human skeletal muscle, including satellite cells, fibroblasts, CD34+ precursor cells, vascular endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells. Satellite cells are the predominant site of AR expression. These observations support the hypothesis that androgens increase muscle mass in part by acting on several cell types to regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle.
That being said, we can safely increase testosterone using supplements and don’t need illegal anabolic steroids! Pro-hormones boost natural testosterone by giving you the building blocks for testosterone and other steroid hormones. Pro-hormones are the safest, most effective way to boost testosterone without using drugs. The second way is to use natural testosterone boosters. There are many on the market, like tribulus, long jack and others. The best combination is an anti-estrogen that tricks your body into producing more testosterone. There are many of these products on the market, but the latest generations are far more effective and have fewer or no negative effects on the body. Here is what some peer reviewed journal entries say about using testosterone to activate satellite cells:
Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men.
Sinha-Hikim I, Roth SM, Lee MI, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Testosterone (T) supplementation in men induces muscle fiber hypertrophy. We hypothesized that T-induced increase in muscle fiber size is associated with a dose-dependent increase in satellite cell number. We quantitated satellite cell and myonuclear number by using direct counting and spatial orientation methods in biopsies of vastus lateralis obtained at baseline and after 20 wk of treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a 125-, 300-, or 600-mg weekly dose of T enanthate. T administration was associated with a significant increase in myonuclear number in men receiving 300- and 600-mg doses. The posttreatment percent satellite cell number, obtained by direct counting, differed significantly among the three groups (ANCOVA P < 0.000001); the mean posttreatment values (5.0 and 15.0%) in men treated with 300- and 600-mg doses were greater than baseline (2.5 and 2.5%, respectively, P < 0.05 vs. baseline). The absolute satellite cell number measured by spatial orientation at 20 wk (1.5 and 4.0/mm) was significantly greater than baseline (0.3 and 0.6/mm) in men receiving the 300- and 600-mg doses (P < 0.05). The change in percent satellite cell number correlated with changes in total (r = 0.548) and free T concentrations (r = 0.468). Satellite cell and mitochondrial areas were significantly higher and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio lower after treatment with 300- and 600-mg doses. We conclude that T-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number, a proportionate increase in myonuclear number, and changes in satellite cell ultrastructure.
Androgen regulation of satellite cell function.
Chen Y, Zajac JD, MacLean HE.Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
Androgen treatment can enhance the size and strength of muscle. However, the mechanisms of androgen action in skeletal muscle are poorly understood. This review discusses potential mechanisms by which androgens regulate satellite cell activation and function. Studies have demonstrated that androgen administration increases satellite cell numbers in animals and humans in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, androgens increase androgen receptor levels in satellite cells. In vitro, the results are contradictory as to whether androgens regulate satellite cell proliferation or differentiation. IGF-I is one major target of androgen action in satellite cells. In addition, the possibility of non-genomic actions of androgens on satellite cells is discussed. In summary, this review focuses on exploring potential mechanisms through which androgens regulate satellite cells, by analyzing developments from research in this area.
Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.
Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S.Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
Androgens stimulate myogenesis, but we do not know what cell types within human skeletal muscle express the androgen receptor (AR) protein and are the target of androgen action. Because testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent, mesenchymal cells into myogenic lineage, we hypothesized that AR would be expressed in mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle. AR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, confocal immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy in sections of vastus lateralis from healthy men before and after treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone enanthate. Satellite cell cultures from human skeletal muscle were also tested for AR expression. AR protein was expressed predominantly in satellite cells, identified by their location outside sarcolemma and inside basal lamina, and by CD34 and C-met staining. Many myonuclei in muscle fibers also demonstrated AR immunostaining. Additionally, CD34+ stem cells in the interstitium, fibroblasts, and mast cells expressed AR immunoreactivity. AR expression was also observed in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed aggregation of immunogold particles in nucleoli of satellite cells and myonuclei; testosterone treatment increased nucleolar AR density. In enriched cultures of human satellite cells, more than 95% of cells stained for CD34 and C-met, confirming their identity as satellite cells, and expressed AR protein. AR mRNA and protein expression in satellite cell cultures was confirmed by RT-PCR, reverse transcription and real-time PCR, sequencing of RT-PCR product, and Western blot analysis. Incubation of satellite cell cultures with supraphysiological testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations (100 nm testosterone and 30 nm dihydrotestosterone) modestly increased AR protein levels. We conclude that AR is expressed in several cell types in human skeletal muscle, including satellite cells, fibroblasts, CD34+ precursor cells, vascular endothelial, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells. Satellite cells are the predominant site of AR expression. These observations support the hypothesis that androgens increase muscle mass in part by acting on several cell types to regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells in the skeletal muscle.
Testosterone action on skeletal muscle.
Herbst KL, Bhasin S.UCLA School of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent data demonstrating direct anabolic effects of androgens on the mammalian skeletal muscle and review the mechanisms by which testosterone regulates body composition. RECENT FINDINGS: Testosterone increases lean body mass and decreases fat mass in young men; the magnitude of the changes induced by testosterone in lean and fat mass are correlated with testosterone dose and the prevalent testosterone concentrations. Older men are as responsive to the anabolic effects of testosterone on the muscle as young men, but have increased frequency of adverse events with higher testosterone doses. This reciprocal change in lean and fat mass induced by androgens is best explained by the hypothesis that androgens promote the commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into myogenic lineage and inhibit adipogenesis through an androgen receptor mediated pathway. Resident muscle satellite cells increase in number with testosterone administration forming myoblasts leading to greater numbers of myonuclei in larger myofibers. Testosterone administration is associated with increased size of motor neurons. The roles of 5-alpha reduction and aromatization of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, respectively, in mediating testosterone effects on body composition are poorly understood. SUMMARY: Testosterone induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy by multiple mechanisms, including its effects in modulating the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal cells. These changes in skeletal muscle lead to improved muscle strength and leg power; however, further studies are needed to determine the effects of testosterone on physical function and health-related outcomes in sarcopenia associated with aging and chronic illness.
Here you see how increasing testosterone through natural boosting, pro-hormones or illegal anabolic steroids can vastly increase satellite muscle cell expression. This is the first real pathway that the body uses to increase muscle size and the number of muscle cells. By increasing the raw number of satellite cells, testosterone is the foundation of our genetic altering arsenal.
Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. This book will demonstrate how the body will try and resist your efforts to grow insane muscles and how, as you age, the ability to create new muscle cells decline so make those cells now! The book is backed by science! This is the most amazing break through in supplement history! The book is available from the LG Sciences website www.lgsciences.com
Creatine: the 2nd Pathway To Genetic Change
Creatine is actually an amino acid like structure that acts as an energy source in skeletal muscles during intense exercise. At rest, creatine is phosphorylated to form phosphocreatine. During intense exercise, this phosphocreatine is utilized by the muscle to form more ATP; which means more energy.
Creatine is not just a source of energy though. Creatine is known to draw water into the muscle cells. This increase in water raises the pressure inside the muscle resulting in a stretching of muscle fibers. Stretch is one of the forces known to cause an increase in protein synthesis in muscle cells. Increased protein synthesis means a positive nitrogen balance and an increase in skeletal muscle growth.
Everyone thinks they know how creatine builds muscle, but they don’t know about a few little-known studies involving creatine and satellite cells. Creatine is known to boost satellite cell production and when taken at the right time (which we will show you later) and in the proper ratio, you can make the most out of your creatine supplementation.
Creatine is reported to increase muscle energy output by recharging ATP and increasing cellular energy output. This is an important aspect of what creatine can do for the bodybuilder or powerlifter, but it isn’t the only story.
Creatine has been shown to be a powerful promoter of satellite cell expression, which again causes new muscle cells to be formed! This is an amazing find, but we researched and realized that creatine timing and ratios are an important part how creatine can be used to build muscle.
Creatine can also be used synergistically with the other nutrients mentioned in this book to build muscle, increase endurance and most importantly help in satellite cell differentiation. We can show you exactly how best to use creatine in the following excerpts from training and nutrient journals.
When picking a good creatine product, look for a mixed creatine supplement using advanced delivery methods.
For example, LG Sciences COLD FUSION EX™ uses a combination of creatine delivery methods to give you the best creatine combination product on the market. It is a mixture of Creatine Ester, Creatine Malate and other Creatine forms to give you a steady, stable release of creatine without the bloat associates with Creatine other creatine products. Cold Fusion EX comes with ingredients to increase stamina and performance, so you get MAXIMUM gains in the gym and the ability to push yourself further than you ever thought possible!
The science behind creatine and satellite cell proliferation is shown in the literature and is summarized below in several abstracts. This is why creatine is the safest and most effective supplement ever created for bodybuilders and currently perfect for anyone under 21. Creatine gives you energy, enhances performance and also has value as an anti-aging supplement for the elderly. It’s sad that creatine has gotten such a bad rap in the press, since it is one of the most safe and effective supplements on the market. The point? Don’t skip on the Creatine when you are looking to build SERIOUS muscle.
Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation increases satellite cell mitotic activity during compensatory hypertrophy.
Dangott B, Schultz E, Mozdziak PE.Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Medical School, Madison, USA.
Nutritional status influences muscle growth and athletic performance, but little is known about the effect of nutritional supplements, such as creatine, on satellite cell mitotic activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle growth, compensatory hypertrophy, and satellite cell mitotic activity. Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the rat plantaris muscle by removing the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Immediately following surgery, a group of six rats was provided with elevated levels of creatine monohydrate in their diet. Another group of six rats was maintained as a non-supplemented control group. Twelve days following surgery, all rats were implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotically active satellite cells. Four weeks after the initial surgery the rats were killed, plantaris muscles were removed and weighed. Subsequently, BrdU-labeled and non-BrdU-labeled nuclei were identified on enzymatically isolated myofiber segments. Muscle mass and myofiber diameters were larger (P < 0.05) in the
muscles that underwent compensatory hypertrophy compared to the control muscles, but there were no differences between muscles from creatine-supplemented and non-creatine-supplemented rats. Similarly, compensatory hypertrophy resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei, but creatine supplementation in combination with compensatory hypertrophy resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei compared to compensatory hypertrophy without creatine supplementation. Thus, creatine supplementation in combination with an increased functional load results in increased satellite cell mitotic activity.
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AUGMENTS THE INCREASE IN SATELLITE CELL AND MYONUCLEI NUMBER IN HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE INDUCED BY STRENGTH TRAINING.
Aagaard P.Inst of Sports Medicine Copenhagen.
The present study investigated the influence of creatine and protein supplementation on satellite cell frequency and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle during 16 wks of heavy-resistance training. In a double-blinded design thirty-two healthy, male subjects (19-26 years) were assigned to strength training (STR) while receiving a timed intake of creatine (STR-CRE) (n=9), protein (STR-PRO) (n=8), placebo (STR-CON) (n=8) or serving as a non-training control group (CON) (n=7). Supplementation was given daily (STR-CRE : 6-24 g creatine monohydrate, STR-PRO: 20 g protein, STR-CON: placebo). Furthermore, timed protein/placebo intake were administered at all training sessions. Muscle biopsies were obtained at wks 0, 4, 8 (wk 8 not CON) and 16 of resistance training (3 days/wk). Satellite cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. Muscle mean fibre (MFA) area was determined after histochemical analysis. All training regimes were found to increase the proportion of satellite cells, however, significantly greater enhancements were observed with creatine supplementation at wk 4 (compared to STR-CON) and at wk 8 (compared to STR-PRO and STR-CON) (p<0.01-0.05). At wk 16, satellite cell number was no longer elevated in STR-CRE, while it remained elevated in STR-PRO and STR-CON. Furthermore, creatine supplementation resulted in an increased number of myonuclei per fibre and increases of 14-17% in MFA at wks 4, 8 and 16 (p<0.01). In contrast, STR-PRO showed increase in MFA only in the later (16 wks, +8%) and STR-CON only in the early (wk 4, +14%) phases of training, respectively (p<0.05). In STR-CRE a positive relationship was found between the percentage increases in MFA and myonuclei from baseline to week 16, respectively (r=0.67, p<0.05). No changes were observed in the control group (CON). In conclusion, the present study demonstrate for the first time that creatine supplementation in combination with strength training amplifies the training-induced increase in satellite cell number and myonuclei concentration in human skeletal muscle fibres, thereby allowing an enhanced muscle fibre growth in response to strength training.
The effects of ergogenic compounds on myogenic satellite cells.
Vierck JL, Icenoggle DL, Bucci L, Dodson MV.Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
PURPOSE: A series of studies were conducted in which compounds commonly shown to be ergogenic aids for strength athletes if taken orally were evaluated for their ability to directly induce postnatal muscle stem cell proliferation or differentiation/fusion in vitro. METHODS: Compounds tested were creatine monohydrate, creatine pyruvate, L-glutamine, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, Ma Huang (Ephedra sinensis) extract, and Zhi Shi (Citrus aurantium) extract. Dulbecco's modified eagle medium, supplemented with minimal levels of serum and antibiotics, was used as the initial vehicle for the test compounds. Subsequently, a defined treatment medium termed ITTC was used. Satellite cells were exposed to the test compounds for the indicated times and then evaluated by counting mononucleated and multinucleated (fused) cells. RESULTS: In serum-containing media, none of the treatment groups displayed increased proliferation over that of the control. However, in the differentiation cultures, 0.10% creatine monohydrate increased differentiation over that of the control cultures. When 0.10% creatine monohydrate was added to defined media formulations, all treatments but one demonstrated increased differentiation over the 0.5% serum control. Time course experiments, which followed the effect of 0.10% creatine monohydrate contained in ITTC defined media over 120 h, suggested that cells exposed to this treatment differentiated earlier and to a greater level than cells exposed to ITTC alone. CONCLUSIONS: Creatine in the monohydrate form induced differentiation of myogenic satellite cells. Other agents examined did not increase satellite cell proliferation or differentiation. These results provide initial evidence for a mechanistic understanding of observed effects in vivo of increased muscular size and strength from creatine supplementation.
Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. This book will demonstrate how the body will try and resist your efforts to grow insane muscles and how, as you age, the ability to create new muscle cells decline so make those cells now! The book is backed by science! This is the most amazing break through in supplement history! The book is available from the LG Sciences website www.lgsciences.com
Creatine is actually an amino acid like structure that acts as an energy source in skeletal muscles during intense exercise. At rest, creatine is phosphorylated to form phosphocreatine. During intense exercise, this phosphocreatine is utilized by the muscle to form more ATP; which means more energy.
Creatine is not just a source of energy though. Creatine is known to draw water into the muscle cells. This increase in water raises the pressure inside the muscle resulting in a stretching of muscle fibers. Stretch is one of the forces known to cause an increase in protein synthesis in muscle cells. Increased protein synthesis means a positive nitrogen balance and an increase in skeletal muscle growth.
Everyone thinks they know how creatine builds muscle, but they don’t know about a few little-known studies involving creatine and satellite cells. Creatine is known to boost satellite cell production and when taken at the right time (which we will show you later) and in the proper ratio, you can make the most out of your creatine supplementation.
Creatine is reported to increase muscle energy output by recharging ATP and increasing cellular energy output. This is an important aspect of what creatine can do for the bodybuilder or powerlifter, but it isn’t the only story.
Creatine has been shown to be a powerful promoter of satellite cell expression, which again causes new muscle cells to be formed! This is an amazing find, but we researched and realized that creatine timing and ratios are an important part how creatine can be used to build muscle.
Creatine can also be used synergistically with the other nutrients mentioned in this book to build muscle, increase endurance and most importantly help in satellite cell differentiation. We can show you exactly how best to use creatine in the following excerpts from training and nutrient journals.
When picking a good creatine product, look for a mixed creatine supplement using advanced delivery methods.
For example, LG Sciences COLD FUSION EX™ uses a combination of creatine delivery methods to give you the best creatine combination product on the market. It is a mixture of Creatine Ester, Creatine Malate and other Creatine forms to give you a steady, stable release of creatine without the bloat associates with Creatine other creatine products. Cold Fusion EX comes with ingredients to increase stamina and performance, so you get MAXIMUM gains in the gym and the ability to push yourself further than you ever thought possible!
The science behind creatine and satellite cell proliferation is shown in the literature and is summarized below in several abstracts. This is why creatine is the safest and most effective supplement ever created for bodybuilders and currently perfect for anyone under 21. Creatine gives you energy, enhances performance and also has value as an anti-aging supplement for the elderly. It’s sad that creatine has gotten such a bad rap in the press, since it is one of the most safe and effective supplements on the market. The point? Don’t skip on the Creatine when you are looking to build SERIOUS muscle.
Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation increases satellite cell mitotic activity during compensatory hypertrophy.
Dangott B, Schultz E, Mozdziak PE.Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Medical School, Madison, USA.
Nutritional status influences muscle growth and athletic performance, but little is known about the effect of nutritional supplements, such as creatine, on satellite cell mitotic activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle growth, compensatory hypertrophy, and satellite cell mitotic activity. Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the rat plantaris muscle by removing the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Immediately following surgery, a group of six rats was provided with elevated levels of creatine monohydrate in their diet. Another group of six rats was maintained as a non-supplemented control group. Twelve days following surgery, all rats were implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotically active satellite cells. Four weeks after the initial surgery the rats were killed, plantaris muscles were removed and weighed. Subsequently, BrdU-labeled and non-BrdU-labeled nuclei were identified on enzymatically isolated myofiber segments. Muscle mass and myofiber diameters were larger (P < 0.05) in the
muscles that underwent compensatory hypertrophy compared to the control muscles, but there were no differences between muscles from creatine-supplemented and non-creatine-supplemented rats. Similarly, compensatory hypertrophy resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei, but creatine supplementation in combination with compensatory hypertrophy resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei compared to compensatory hypertrophy without creatine supplementation. Thus, creatine supplementation in combination with an increased functional load results in increased satellite cell mitotic activity.
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AUGMENTS THE INCREASE IN SATELLITE CELL AND MYONUCLEI NUMBER IN HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE INDUCED BY STRENGTH TRAINING.
Aagaard P.Inst of Sports Medicine Copenhagen.
The present study investigated the influence of creatine and protein supplementation on satellite cell frequency and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle during 16 wks of heavy-resistance training. In a double-blinded design thirty-two healthy, male subjects (19-26 years) were assigned to strength training (STR) while receiving a timed intake of creatine (STR-CRE) (n=9), protein (STR-PRO) (n=8), placebo (STR-CON) (n=8) or serving as a non-training control group (CON) (n=7). Supplementation was given daily (STR-CRE : 6-24 g creatine monohydrate, STR-PRO: 20 g protein, STR-CON: placebo). Furthermore, timed protein/placebo intake were administered at all training sessions. Muscle biopsies were obtained at wks 0, 4, 8 (wk 8 not CON) and 16 of resistance training (3 days/wk). Satellite cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. Muscle mean fibre (MFA) area was determined after histochemical analysis. All training regimes were found to increase the proportion of satellite cells, however, significantly greater enhancements were observed with creatine supplementation at wk 4 (compared to STR-CON) and at wk 8 (compared to STR-PRO and STR-CON) (p<0.01-0.05). At wk 16, satellite cell number was no longer elevated in STR-CRE, while it remained elevated in STR-PRO and STR-CON. Furthermore, creatine supplementation resulted in an increased number of myonuclei per fibre and increases of 14-17% in MFA at wks 4, 8 and 16 (p<0.01). In contrast, STR-PRO showed increase in MFA only in the later (16 wks, +8%) and STR-CON only in the early (wk 4, +14%) phases of training, respectively (p<0.05). In STR-CRE a positive relationship was found between the percentage increases in MFA and myonuclei from baseline to week 16, respectively (r=0.67, p<0.05). No changes were observed in the control group (CON). In conclusion, the present study demonstrate for the first time that creatine supplementation in combination with strength training amplifies the training-induced increase in satellite cell number and myonuclei concentration in human skeletal muscle fibres, thereby allowing an enhanced muscle fibre growth in response to strength training.
The effects of ergogenic compounds on myogenic satellite cells.
Vierck JL, Icenoggle DL, Bucci L, Dodson MV.Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
PURPOSE: A series of studies were conducted in which compounds commonly shown to be ergogenic aids for strength athletes if taken orally were evaluated for their ability to directly induce postnatal muscle stem cell proliferation or differentiation/fusion in vitro. METHODS: Compounds tested were creatine monohydrate, creatine pyruvate, L-glutamine, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, Ma Huang (Ephedra sinensis) extract, and Zhi Shi (Citrus aurantium) extract. Dulbecco's modified eagle medium, supplemented with minimal levels of serum and antibiotics, was used as the initial vehicle for the test compounds. Subsequently, a defined treatment medium termed ITTC was used. Satellite cells were exposed to the test compounds for the indicated times and then evaluated by counting mononucleated and multinucleated (fused) cells. RESULTS: In serum-containing media, none of the treatment groups displayed increased proliferation over that of the control. However, in the differentiation cultures, 0.10% creatine monohydrate increased differentiation over that of the control cultures. When 0.10% creatine monohydrate was added to defined media formulations, all treatments but one demonstrated increased differentiation over the 0.5% serum control. Time course experiments, which followed the effect of 0.10% creatine monohydrate contained in ITTC defined media over 120 h, suggested that cells exposed to this treatment differentiated earlier and to a greater level than cells exposed to ITTC alone. CONCLUSIONS: Creatine in the monohydrate form induced differentiation of myogenic satellite cells. Other agents examined did not increase satellite cell proliferation or differentiation. These results provide initial evidence for a mechanistic understanding of observed effects in vivo of increased muscular size and strength from creatine supplementation.
Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. This book will demonstrate how the body will try and resist your efforts to grow insane muscles and how, as you age, the ability to create new muscle cells decline so make those cells now! The book is backed by science! This is the most amazing break through in supplement history! The book is available from the LG Sciences website www.lgsciences.com
LG Sciences Creatine Part 1
The market is starting to get flooded with many different kinds of creatine. Our company LG Sciences has a creatine complex, Cold Fusion EX. Most products are pretty good, but what separates many of them is effectiveness and taste. Cold Fusion EX is formulated to be the best tasting creatine complex on the market and it has ingredients that make it up to six times more effective than regular creatine. That being said almost any creatine product will give results, even straight monohydrate! Depending on the type, most creatine is taken at 3-10g per day and that seems like an effective dose.With all of the choices out there how can we decide what is the best form if such a thing actually exists. Creatine is an amino acid that is naturally occurring in the body and provides cellular energy and a host of other benefits to both the bodybuilder and general health enthusiast. In fact creatine is even being looked at to provide increased energy and wellness benefits for the elderly. It may provide heart benefits and also increase mental acuity for people that have diseases like Alzheimer’s. Creatine is responsible for turning ADP into ATP which is your body’s main energy supply in the mitochondria. ATP is split to form ADP (losing a phosphate to create energy) and Creatine Phosphate “hangs around” to recharge the ADP molecule so it can be used to create energy again. Any Creatine is converted to Creatine Phosphate in the body, but oddly enough taking Creatine Phosphate as a supplement never really gave the kind of results that were achieved by many other creatine types, so it was effectively scrapped. Creatine is the base product for any bodybuilder looking to increase size and strength. It adds well to any other product and the only thing more basic than creatine is a protein supplement. Creatine helps the muscle cell hold more water, which can expand the fascia of the muscle increasing its volume. So, creatine is useful for strength and stamina by recharging the muscle energy system, it also increases new muscle cells (monohydrate for sure) and increases pumps for a muscle stretching effect. It is the most popular and beneficial supplement ever for bodybuilders.Here is a basic list of just some of the Creatines on the market:Creatine Monohydrate – this is the original version sold back in the 80’s for improving strength and stamina for weightlifters. It is tried and tested, however it has been replaced with newer and fancier creatine molecules. I HIGHLY suggest supplements still contain some creatine monohydrate for one big reason. Creatine monohydrate is the only form proven in scientific studies to create new muscle cells. There are many studies showing Creatine Monohydrate increases the formation of new muscle cells and one important study showing that other forms of creatine do not have this effect!Creatine Malate – this is creatine bound to malic acid. The preferred form is DiCreatine Malate since that is the only form that is possible, the other forms (tricreatine malate) are usually just creatine monohydrate mixed with straight malic acid. The supposed benefit of Creatine Malate is reduced bloating and increased endurance, since malate is involved in increasing cellular energy by being part of the krebs cycle. Overall, this ingredient has many years of solid anecdotal support and I feel it is a good addition to any creatine blend.Creatine Asperate – this is creatine bound to aspartic acid. This is very similar to Creatine Malate and should prove to be even better for endurance athletes, since asparate is even more directly involved in recharging the mitochondrial energy system. Creatine Asperate is an improved form of Creatine Malate, but both should give very good endurance gains without extra bloat.Creatine Ethyl Ester HCL – the latest “big splash” is Creatine Ethyl Ester. This ingredient has some strong anecdotal evidence of it working, but the science behind it is very flawed. The “ester” is supposed to make the creatine more absorbable and fat soluble. This belief is pretty flawed since creatine dissolves quite easily in water and there is little chance of it becoming fat soluable with this ester even if it was desirable to do so. Most likely this product works by stabilizing the Creatine molecule with the HCL portion, which slows down some of the conversion to creatinine (a waste product).Creatine Gluconate – this product is simply Creatine bonded to sugar or glucose. No idea why that would be a big advantage over dumping some sugar in with your monohydrate, but it certainly doesn’t hurt anything. Sugar helps the uptake of creatine in the cell, so it could have a positive effect.Creatine Decanoate – no clue why anyone would want to bond decanoic acid to creatine unless they just want to take advantage of the “deca” in the name. Decanoic acid doesn’t seem to increase performance or provide any benefits.Creatine AKG – simply creatine bound to alpha keto gluterate which is a glutamine type molecule. No real data on this ingredient, but it should work pretty well in theory since both creatine and glutamine are good for you. AKG should help with the absorption of creatine.Creatine Magnesium Chelate – another creatine molecule bound to magnesium. Chelated minerals were very popular as a way of increasing the absorption. Certainly nothing wrong with magnesium, since it is great for you, but I don’t see the positive benefit of binding creatine to a mineral when you could just take a good magnesium supplement and plain old monohydrate.Creatine Orotate – similar to Creatine Malate and Creatine Asperate, Creatine Orotate provides increased cellular energy and improved absorption. Orotic Acid does provide benefit to the bodybuilder by increasing strength and stamina.Well, that is a short list of the types of creatines that are on the market. In my opinion a mixed form of multiple creatines is the best way to take a creatine supplement. I would for sure have some Creatine Monohydrate in with your other mixes, since as stated above only Creatine Monohydrate is proven in the scientific literature to actually increase satellite cells (new muscle growth) where some of the other products like Creatine Malate did not have this effect. Without new muscle cells, a bodybuilder can only get so big, which is why some people are “hard gainers”.In the next installment I will discuss various delivery methods that are used to improve creatine uptake. Until then, happy lifting!Eric Marchewitz is affiliated with LG Sciences which has a mixed creatine product called Cold Fusion EX. It is a very advanced creatine complex that provides increased strength and stamina and a delicious taste. You can read more about Cold Fusion EX on www.lgsciences.com
The market is starting to get flooded with many different kinds of creatine. Our company LG Sciences has a creatine complex, Cold Fusion EX. Most products are pretty good, but what separates many of them is effectiveness and taste. Cold Fusion EX is formulated to be the best tasting creatine complex on the market and it has ingredients that make it up to six times more effective than regular creatine. That being said almost any creatine product will give results, even straight monohydrate! Depending on the type, most creatine is taken at 3-10g per day and that seems like an effective dose.With all of the choices out there how can we decide what is the best form if such a thing actually exists. Creatine is an amino acid that is naturally occurring in the body and provides cellular energy and a host of other benefits to both the bodybuilder and general health enthusiast. In fact creatine is even being looked at to provide increased energy and wellness benefits for the elderly. It may provide heart benefits and also increase mental acuity for people that have diseases like Alzheimer’s. Creatine is responsible for turning ADP into ATP which is your body’s main energy supply in the mitochondria. ATP is split to form ADP (losing a phosphate to create energy) and Creatine Phosphate “hangs around” to recharge the ADP molecule so it can be used to create energy again. Any Creatine is converted to Creatine Phosphate in the body, but oddly enough taking Creatine Phosphate as a supplement never really gave the kind of results that were achieved by many other creatine types, so it was effectively scrapped. Creatine is the base product for any bodybuilder looking to increase size and strength. It adds well to any other product and the only thing more basic than creatine is a protein supplement. Creatine helps the muscle cell hold more water, which can expand the fascia of the muscle increasing its volume. So, creatine is useful for strength and stamina by recharging the muscle energy system, it also increases new muscle cells (monohydrate for sure) and increases pumps for a muscle stretching effect. It is the most popular and beneficial supplement ever for bodybuilders.Here is a basic list of just some of the Creatines on the market:Creatine Monohydrate – this is the original version sold back in the 80’s for improving strength and stamina for weightlifters. It is tried and tested, however it has been replaced with newer and fancier creatine molecules. I HIGHLY suggest supplements still contain some creatine monohydrate for one big reason. Creatine monohydrate is the only form proven in scientific studies to create new muscle cells. There are many studies showing Creatine Monohydrate increases the formation of new muscle cells and one important study showing that other forms of creatine do not have this effect!Creatine Malate – this is creatine bound to malic acid. The preferred form is DiCreatine Malate since that is the only form that is possible, the other forms (tricreatine malate) are usually just creatine monohydrate mixed with straight malic acid. The supposed benefit of Creatine Malate is reduced bloating and increased endurance, since malate is involved in increasing cellular energy by being part of the krebs cycle. Overall, this ingredient has many years of solid anecdotal support and I feel it is a good addition to any creatine blend.Creatine Asperate – this is creatine bound to aspartic acid. This is very similar to Creatine Malate and should prove to be even better for endurance athletes, since asparate is even more directly involved in recharging the mitochondrial energy system. Creatine Asperate is an improved form of Creatine Malate, but both should give very good endurance gains without extra bloat.Creatine Ethyl Ester HCL – the latest “big splash” is Creatine Ethyl Ester. This ingredient has some strong anecdotal evidence of it working, but the science behind it is very flawed. The “ester” is supposed to make the creatine more absorbable and fat soluble. This belief is pretty flawed since creatine dissolves quite easily in water and there is little chance of it becoming fat soluable with this ester even if it was desirable to do so. Most likely this product works by stabilizing the Creatine molecule with the HCL portion, which slows down some of the conversion to creatinine (a waste product).Creatine Gluconate – this product is simply Creatine bonded to sugar or glucose. No idea why that would be a big advantage over dumping some sugar in with your monohydrate, but it certainly doesn’t hurt anything. Sugar helps the uptake of creatine in the cell, so it could have a positive effect.Creatine Decanoate – no clue why anyone would want to bond decanoic acid to creatine unless they just want to take advantage of the “deca” in the name. Decanoic acid doesn’t seem to increase performance or provide any benefits.Creatine AKG – simply creatine bound to alpha keto gluterate which is a glutamine type molecule. No real data on this ingredient, but it should work pretty well in theory since both creatine and glutamine are good for you. AKG should help with the absorption of creatine.Creatine Magnesium Chelate – another creatine molecule bound to magnesium. Chelated minerals were very popular as a way of increasing the absorption. Certainly nothing wrong with magnesium, since it is great for you, but I don’t see the positive benefit of binding creatine to a mineral when you could just take a good magnesium supplement and plain old monohydrate.Creatine Orotate – similar to Creatine Malate and Creatine Asperate, Creatine Orotate provides increased cellular energy and improved absorption. Orotic Acid does provide benefit to the bodybuilder by increasing strength and stamina.Well, that is a short list of the types of creatines that are on the market. In my opinion a mixed form of multiple creatines is the best way to take a creatine supplement. I would for sure have some Creatine Monohydrate in with your other mixes, since as stated above only Creatine Monohydrate is proven in the scientific literature to actually increase satellite cells (new muscle growth) where some of the other products like Creatine Malate did not have this effect. Without new muscle cells, a bodybuilder can only get so big, which is why some people are “hard gainers”.In the next installment I will discuss various delivery methods that are used to improve creatine uptake. Until then, happy lifting!Eric Marchewitz is affiliated with LG Sciences which has a mixed creatine product called Cold Fusion EX. It is a very advanced creatine complex that provides increased strength and stamina and a delicious taste. You can read more about Cold Fusion EX on www.lgsciences.com
Growth Hormone and I-GF-1
I am not a huge fan of synthetic growth hormone, but I recognize that what separates the TRULY HUGE from the average guy is the stacking of Growth Hormone (GH) with androgens. Growth hormone on its own doesn’t seem to really add a ton of size on you though and it does carry some risks, so it’s not the best choice in my opinion for a stand alone product. It will however really increase satellite cells over straight androgen boosting alone and other supplements. The major problem with GH on a cycle is that it won’t put tons of size on your right away. We make a GH product (IGH-1) that you can take to increase your own GH production but it will not pack size on you instantly. If you are not committed to the long haul, then honestly, GH products are not for you. If you want to put on muscle that lasts and is with you for life, then a good GH product will help you get to that goal. Even REAL GH cycles are gaged in terms of months of use, not days. GH cycles last for 6 months and you don’t see real results for at least 45 days. This is why that a GH releaser is not going to pack on pounds of muscle in 15 days like a cycle of prohormones, even 4 iu of GH injections will take a long time to see the effect you desire. That isn’t to say that GH isn’t EXTREMELY useful, it is more like an important part of a good long term plan vs. androgens that give an immediate effect that feels damn good. I take a GH releaser every night, since reading the studies PROVING that GH is a valuable part of changing your genetics.When 1+1=3When you combine growth hormone with a powerful androgen, you get some serious muscle building, because GH increases satellite cell proliferation, gets you lean and increases IGF-1 production. IGF-1 builds muscle and increases satellite cell expression while burning fat. This is what makes growth hormone worth the 300-400 dollars per week the professionals spend on a cycle, even before IGF-1 was available. Growth hormone burns fat, but also greatly increases IGF-1 levels, which if you are in the circle of knowledge is VERY important, since IGF-1 is a natural anabolic.Most of the IGF-1 on the market today is either fake or worthless, because IGF-1 must be cold packed and shipped immediately. IGF-1 degrades very quickly, but if you are lucky enough to get your hands on some REAL IGF-1, you are in for a treat. Expect to pay at least $300 per week though for the real stuff.IGF-1 and GH can be stimulated by the body, meaning that your natural levels can be increased, which gives you the ability to get most of the same results as a pro bodybuilder without the expense or risk. GH secretagogues (things that increase your natural production or secretion) are on the market and they should at least include things like ArgininePryoglutamate, Ornithine, Astragulus, and L-Dopa. These are the most potent Growth Hormone secretagogues on the market and can sky rocket your GH levels, allowing you to build slabs of muscle. GH is pretty easy to increase with the use of secretagogues, but IGF-1 is very tough to boost naturally. There is only one ingredient I know that increases IGF-1 naturally. This is in products like LG Sciences Formadrol Extreme pictured above, and the ingredient is Daidzein, which is the only known naturally occurring IGF-1 secretagogue. So how does GH increase satellite expression? Again, let’s look at the literature.GH and IGF-1 on Satellite Cell ExpressionEffects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle. I. Studies on normal adult rats.Ullman M, Oldfors A.Department of Pathology, Gothenburg University, Sweden.A study was made on the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on fast and slow skeletal muscle in normal adult female rats. Daily injections of 4 IE of rhGH over 36 days resulted in increased levels of insulin-like growth factor I in serum and increased body weight. Morphometric analysis of the muscle fibres of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles revealed a significant increase in diameter of both type 1 and type 2 fibres in both muscles. The DNA: protein ratio and the number of satellite cells:muscle fibre in cross-sections was increased in the GH-treated rats in relation to controls. The results show that rhGH has pronounced effects on both cell proliferation and muscle fibre growth in skeletal muscle of normal adults rats.IGF-1 induces human myotube hypertrophy by increasing cell recruitment.Jacquemin V, Furling D, Bigot A, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V.CNRS UMR 7000 Cytosquelette et Developpement, Paris, France.Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown in rodents (i) in vivo to induce muscle fiber hypertrophy and to prevent muscle mass decline with age and (ii) in vitro to enhance the proliferative life span of myoblasts and to induce myotube hypertrophy. In this study, performed on human primary cultures, we have shown that IGF-1 has very little effect on the proliferative life span of human myoblasts but does delay replicative senescence. IGF-1 also induces hypertrophy of human myotubes in vitro, as characterized by an increase in the mean number of nuclei per myotube, an increase in the fusion index, and an increase in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content. In addition, muscle hypertrophy can be triggered in the absence of proliferation by recruiting more mononucleated cells. We propose that IGF-1-induced hypertrophy can involve the recruitment of reserve cells in human skeletal muscle.Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.Machida S, Booth FW.Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage.Hill M, Goldspink G.Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.Muscle satellite cells are mononuclear cells that remain in a quiescent state until activated when they proliferate and fuse with muscle fibres to donate nuclei, a process necessary for post-embryonic growth, hypertrophy and tissue repair in this post-mitotic tissue. These processes have been associated with expression of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene that can undergo alternative splicing to generate different gene products with varying functions. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms involved in local tissue repair, the time courses of expression of two IGF-I splice variants produced in muscle were determined together with marker genes for satellite cell activation following local muscle damage. Using real-time RT-PCR with specific primers, the mRNA transcripts in rat tibialis anterior muscles were measured at different time intervals following either mechanical damage imposed by electrical stimulation of the stretched muscle or damage caused by injection with bupivacaine. It was found that the autocrine splice variant mechano growth factor (MGF) was rapidly expressed and then declined within a few days following both types of damage. Systemic IGF-IEa was more slowly upregulated and its increase was commensurate with the rate of decline in MGF expression. Satellite cell activation as measured by M-cadherin and one of the muscle regulatory factors MyoD and the sequence of expression suggests that the initial pulse of MGF is responsible for satellite cell activation, as the systemic IGF-IEa mRNA expression peaks after the expression of these markers, including M-cadherin protein. Later splicing of the IGF-I gene away from MGF but towards IGF-IEa seems physiologically appropriate as IGF-IEa is the main source of mature IGF-I for upregulation of protein synthesis required to complete the repair.GH on Muscle:Growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor-1 axis during puberty.Christoforidis A, Maniadaki I, Stanhope R.Department of Endocrinology,Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Middlesex Hospital (UCLH), London, UK.Puberty is a dynamic, transitional period of life which is characterized by the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics leading to the development of fertility. Puberty is accompanied by sexually dimorphic changes in linear growth, body proportions and body composition. The pubertal growth spurt is influenced by a number of factors such as hormones, nutrition, physical activity and general health, acting mostly in concert in order to modify a genetic potential for growth. Growth hormone (GH) is traditionally considered to be the main regulator of growth. During puberty, elevated sex steroid concentrations (especially oestrogens) stimulate GH production, leading to an activation of the whole GH/Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. This activation is mostly characterized by an increase in the amplitude of GH pulses rather than an increase in frequency or in duration. Interactions between GH and sex steroids (especially androgens) express an anabolic effect on muscle mass, bone mineralization and body proportion which constitutes the male and the female adult body composition.Intact insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling is required for growth hormone effects on skeletal muscle growth and function in vivo.Kim H, Barton E, Muja N, Yakar S, Pennisi P, Leroith D.Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8D12, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA.GH and IGF-I are potent regulators of muscle growth and function. Although IGF-I is known to mediate many of the effects of GH, it is not yet clear whether all effects of GH are completely dependent on the IGF-I system. To evaluate the biological effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on muscle growth, we administrated recombinant human GH to mice, which lack IGF-I function specifically in skeletal muscle, due to the overexpression of a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor in this tissue (MKR mice). GH treatment significantly increased the levels of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and serum IGF-I levels in both wild-type (WT) and MKR mice. These GH-induced effects were paralleled by increases in body weight and in the weights of most GH-responsive organs in both groups of mice. Interestingly, unlike WT mice, GH treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle weight in MKR mice. GH treatment failed to reverse the impaired muscle function in MKR mice. Furthermore, MKR mice exhibited no effects of GH on the cross-sectional area of myofibers and the proliferation of satellite cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the in vivo effects of GH on muscle mass and strength are primarily mediated by activation of the IGF-I receptor.Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.Machida S, Booth FW.Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial.Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, Breen L, Pentecost C, Whyte M, McMillan CV, Bradley C, Martin FC.Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.CONTEXT:Declines in GH and testosterone (Te) secretion may contribute to the detrimental aging changes of elderly men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of near-physiological GH with/without Te administration on lean body mass, total body fat, midthigh muscle cross-section area, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, condition-specific quality of life (Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire), and generic health status (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) of older men. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 80 healthy, community-dwelling, older men (age, 65-80 yr). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive 1) placebo GH or placebo Te, 2) recombinant human GH (rhGH) and placebo Te (GH), 3) Te and placebo rhGH (Te), or 4) rhGH and Te (GHTe). GH doses were titrated over 8 wk to produce IGF-I levels in the upper half of the age-specific reference range. A fixed dose of Te (5 mg) was given by transdermal patches. RESULTS: Lean body mass increased with GHTe (P = 0.008) and GH (P = 0.004), compared with placebo. Total body fat decreased with GHTe only (P = 0.02). Midthigh muscle (P = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (P < p =" 0.007)" p =" 0.003)." href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_Abstract&term=">Ehrnborg C, Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Bengtsson BA, Rosen T.Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden. christer.ehrnborg@medic.gu.seOBJECTIVES: To study the effects on body composition after 1 month's administration of supraphysiological doses of growth hormone (GH) in healthy, active young adults with normal GH-IGF-I axis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy, physically active volunteers (15 men and 15 women), mean age 25.9 years (range 18-35), participated in this study, designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study with three groups (n = 10: five men and five women in each group). The groups comprised the following: placebo (P), GH 0.1 IU/kg/day [0.033 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.1) and GH 0.2 IU/kg/day [0.067 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.2). RESULTS: In the pooled group with active GH treatment (n = 20) the results showed significant increases: IGF-I increased by 134% (baseline vs. after 1 month), body weight by 2.7%, fat free mass by 5.3%, total body water by 6.5% and extracellular water (ECW) by 9.6%. Body fat decreased significantly by 6.6%. No significant change in intracellular water was detected. The observed increase in fat free mass by 5.3% was explained by the ECW increase, indicating limited anabolic effects of the supraphysiological GH doses. Changes were noticeable in both genders, although more prominent in the male subjects. Fluid retention symptoms occurred in the majority of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the first placebo-controlled trial to show the effects of supraphysiological GH doses on body composition and IGF-I levels in physically active and healthy individuals of both genders; the results indicate limited anabolic effects of GH with these supraphysiological doses. The role of GH as an effective anabolic-doping agent is questioned.GH alone is not enough, which is why we stack…Here is an example of an effective stacking of compatible supplements to achieve a specific objective.Regulating of growth hormone sensitivity by sex steroids: implications for therapy.KK, Gibney J, Johannsson G, Wolthers T.Pituitary Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of body composition, reducing body fat by stimulating fat oxidation and enhancing lean body mass by stimulating protein accretion. The emergence of differences in body composition between the sexes during puberty suggests sex steroids modulate the action of GH. Work from our laboratory have investigated the influence of estrogens and androgens on the metabolic actions of GH in human adults. The liver is an important site of physiological interaction as it is a sex steroid responsive organ and a major target of GH action. Estrogen, when administered orally impairs the GHregulated endocrine and metabolic function of the liver via a first-pass effect. It reduces circulating IGF-I, fat oxidation and protein synthesis, contributing to a loss of lean and a gain of fat mass. These effects occur in normal and in GH-deficient women and are avoided by transdermal administration of physiological doses of estrogen. In contrast, studies in hypopituitary men indicate that testosterone enhances the metabolic effects of GH. Testosterone alone stimulates fat oxidation and protein synthesis, both of which are enhanced by GH. Studies in GH deficiency adults have consistently reported women to be less sensitive to GH than men. In summary, estrogens and androgens exert divergent effects on the action of GH. The results provide an explanation for sexual dimorphism in body composition in adults and the genderrelated response to GH replacement in hypopituitary subjects. In the management of hypopituitarism, estrogens should be administered by the parenteral route in women and testosterone be replaced in men to optimize the benefits of GH replacement.Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. This book will demonstrate how the body will try and resist your efforts to grow insane muscles and how, as you age, the ability to create new muscle cells decline so make those cells now! The book is backed by science! This is the most amazing break through in supplement history! The book is available from the LG Sciences website http://www.lgsciences.com/
I am not a huge fan of synthetic growth hormone, but I recognize that what separates the TRULY HUGE from the average guy is the stacking of Growth Hormone (GH) with androgens. Growth hormone on its own doesn’t seem to really add a ton of size on you though and it does carry some risks, so it’s not the best choice in my opinion for a stand alone product. It will however really increase satellite cells over straight androgen boosting alone and other supplements. The major problem with GH on a cycle is that it won’t put tons of size on your right away. We make a GH product (IGH-1) that you can take to increase your own GH production but it will not pack size on you instantly. If you are not committed to the long haul, then honestly, GH products are not for you. If you want to put on muscle that lasts and is with you for life, then a good GH product will help you get to that goal. Even REAL GH cycles are gaged in terms of months of use, not days. GH cycles last for 6 months and you don’t see real results for at least 45 days. This is why that a GH releaser is not going to pack on pounds of muscle in 15 days like a cycle of prohormones, even 4 iu of GH injections will take a long time to see the effect you desire. That isn’t to say that GH isn’t EXTREMELY useful, it is more like an important part of a good long term plan vs. androgens that give an immediate effect that feels damn good. I take a GH releaser every night, since reading the studies PROVING that GH is a valuable part of changing your genetics.When 1+1=3When you combine growth hormone with a powerful androgen, you get some serious muscle building, because GH increases satellite cell proliferation, gets you lean and increases IGF-1 production. IGF-1 builds muscle and increases satellite cell expression while burning fat. This is what makes growth hormone worth the 300-400 dollars per week the professionals spend on a cycle, even before IGF-1 was available. Growth hormone burns fat, but also greatly increases IGF-1 levels, which if you are in the circle of knowledge is VERY important, since IGF-1 is a natural anabolic.Most of the IGF-1 on the market today is either fake or worthless, because IGF-1 must be cold packed and shipped immediately. IGF-1 degrades very quickly, but if you are lucky enough to get your hands on some REAL IGF-1, you are in for a treat. Expect to pay at least $300 per week though for the real stuff.IGF-1 and GH can be stimulated by the body, meaning that your natural levels can be increased, which gives you the ability to get most of the same results as a pro bodybuilder without the expense or risk. GH secretagogues (things that increase your natural production or secretion) are on the market and they should at least include things like ArgininePryoglutamate, Ornithine, Astragulus, and L-Dopa. These are the most potent Growth Hormone secretagogues on the market and can sky rocket your GH levels, allowing you to build slabs of muscle. GH is pretty easy to increase with the use of secretagogues, but IGF-1 is very tough to boost naturally. There is only one ingredient I know that increases IGF-1 naturally. This is in products like LG Sciences Formadrol Extreme pictured above, and the ingredient is Daidzein, which is the only known naturally occurring IGF-1 secretagogue. So how does GH increase satellite expression? Again, let’s look at the literature.GH and IGF-1 on Satellite Cell ExpressionEffects of growth hormone on skeletal muscle. I. Studies on normal adult rats.Ullman M, Oldfors A.Department of Pathology, Gothenburg University, Sweden.A study was made on the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on fast and slow skeletal muscle in normal adult female rats. Daily injections of 4 IE of rhGH over 36 days resulted in increased levels of insulin-like growth factor I in serum and increased body weight. Morphometric analysis of the muscle fibres of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles revealed a significant increase in diameter of both type 1 and type 2 fibres in both muscles. The DNA: protein ratio and the number of satellite cells:muscle fibre in cross-sections was increased in the GH-treated rats in relation to controls. The results show that rhGH has pronounced effects on both cell proliferation and muscle fibre growth in skeletal muscle of normal adults rats.IGF-1 induces human myotube hypertrophy by increasing cell recruitment.Jacquemin V, Furling D, Bigot A, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V.CNRS UMR 7000 Cytosquelette et Developpement, Paris, France.Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown in rodents (i) in vivo to induce muscle fiber hypertrophy and to prevent muscle mass decline with age and (ii) in vitro to enhance the proliferative life span of myoblasts and to induce myotube hypertrophy. In this study, performed on human primary cultures, we have shown that IGF-1 has very little effect on the proliferative life span of human myoblasts but does delay replicative senescence. IGF-1 also induces hypertrophy of human myotubes in vitro, as characterized by an increase in the mean number of nuclei per myotube, an increase in the fusion index, and an increase in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content. In addition, muscle hypertrophy can be triggered in the absence of proliferation by recruiting more mononucleated cells. We propose that IGF-1-induced hypertrophy can involve the recruitment of reserve cells in human skeletal muscle.Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.Machida S, Booth FW.Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage.Hill M, Goldspink G.Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.Muscle satellite cells are mononuclear cells that remain in a quiescent state until activated when they proliferate and fuse with muscle fibres to donate nuclei, a process necessary for post-embryonic growth, hypertrophy and tissue repair in this post-mitotic tissue. These processes have been associated with expression of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene that can undergo alternative splicing to generate different gene products with varying functions. To gain insight into the cellular mechanisms involved in local tissue repair, the time courses of expression of two IGF-I splice variants produced in muscle were determined together with marker genes for satellite cell activation following local muscle damage. Using real-time RT-PCR with specific primers, the mRNA transcripts in rat tibialis anterior muscles were measured at different time intervals following either mechanical damage imposed by electrical stimulation of the stretched muscle or damage caused by injection with bupivacaine. It was found that the autocrine splice variant mechano growth factor (MGF) was rapidly expressed and then declined within a few days following both types of damage. Systemic IGF-IEa was more slowly upregulated and its increase was commensurate with the rate of decline in MGF expression. Satellite cell activation as measured by M-cadherin and one of the muscle regulatory factors MyoD and the sequence of expression suggests that the initial pulse of MGF is responsible for satellite cell activation, as the systemic IGF-IEa mRNA expression peaks after the expression of these markers, including M-cadherin protein. Later splicing of the IGF-I gene away from MGF but towards IGF-IEa seems physiologically appropriate as IGF-IEa is the main source of mature IGF-I for upregulation of protein synthesis required to complete the repair.GH on Muscle:Growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor-1 axis during puberty.Christoforidis A, Maniadaki I, Stanhope R.Department of Endocrinology,Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Middlesex Hospital (UCLH), London, UK.Puberty is a dynamic, transitional period of life which is characterized by the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics leading to the development of fertility. Puberty is accompanied by sexually dimorphic changes in linear growth, body proportions and body composition. The pubertal growth spurt is influenced by a number of factors such as hormones, nutrition, physical activity and general health, acting mostly in concert in order to modify a genetic potential for growth. Growth hormone (GH) is traditionally considered to be the main regulator of growth. During puberty, elevated sex steroid concentrations (especially oestrogens) stimulate GH production, leading to an activation of the whole GH/Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. This activation is mostly characterized by an increase in the amplitude of GH pulses rather than an increase in frequency or in duration. Interactions between GH and sex steroids (especially androgens) express an anabolic effect on muscle mass, bone mineralization and body proportion which constitutes the male and the female adult body composition.Intact insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling is required for growth hormone effects on skeletal muscle growth and function in vivo.Kim H, Barton E, Muja N, Yakar S, Pennisi P, Leroith D.Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8D12, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1758, USA.GH and IGF-I are potent regulators of muscle growth and function. Although IGF-I is known to mediate many of the effects of GH, it is not yet clear whether all effects of GH are completely dependent on the IGF-I system. To evaluate the biological effects of the GH/IGF-I axis on muscle growth, we administrated recombinant human GH to mice, which lack IGF-I function specifically in skeletal muscle, due to the overexpression of a dominant-negative IGF-I receptor in this tissue (MKR mice). GH treatment significantly increased the levels of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and serum IGF-I levels in both wild-type (WT) and MKR mice. These GH-induced effects were paralleled by increases in body weight and in the weights of most GH-responsive organs in both groups of mice. Interestingly, unlike WT mice, GH treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle weight in MKR mice. GH treatment failed to reverse the impaired muscle function in MKR mice. Furthermore, MKR mice exhibited no effects of GH on the cross-sectional area of myofibers and the proliferation of satellite cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the in vivo effects of GH on muscle mass and strength are primarily mediated by activation of the IGF-I receptor.Insulin-like growth factor 1 and muscle growth: implication for satellite cell proliferation.Machida S, Booth FW.Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, E102 Veterinary Medical Building, 1600 East Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been shown to rescue the aging-related or inactivity-induced loss of muscle mass through the activation of satellite cells. However, the signalling pathways and the mechanism by which IGF-1 affects satellite cells have not been not completely identified. The purpose of the present review is to provide current understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying IGF-1 induced proliferation of satellite cells.The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial.Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, Breen L, Pentecost C, Whyte M, McMillan CV, Bradley C, Martin FC.Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.CONTEXT:Declines in GH and testosterone (Te) secretion may contribute to the detrimental aging changes of elderly men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of near-physiological GH with/without Te administration on lean body mass, total body fat, midthigh muscle cross-section area, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, condition-specific quality of life (Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire), and generic health status (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) of older men. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 80 healthy, community-dwelling, older men (age, 65-80 yr). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive 1) placebo GH or placebo Te, 2) recombinant human GH (rhGH) and placebo Te (GH), 3) Te and placebo rhGH (Te), or 4) rhGH and Te (GHTe). GH doses were titrated over 8 wk to produce IGF-I levels in the upper half of the age-specific reference range. A fixed dose of Te (5 mg) was given by transdermal patches. RESULTS: Lean body mass increased with GHTe (P = 0.008) and GH (P = 0.004), compared with placebo. Total body fat decreased with GHTe only (P = 0.02). Midthigh muscle (P = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (P < p =" 0.007)" p =" 0.003)." href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_Abstract&term=">Ehrnborg C, Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Bengtsson BA, Rosen T.Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden. christer.ehrnborg@medic.gu.seOBJECTIVES: To study the effects on body composition after 1 month's administration of supraphysiological doses of growth hormone (GH) in healthy, active young adults with normal GH-IGF-I axis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy, physically active volunteers (15 men and 15 women), mean age 25.9 years (range 18-35), participated in this study, designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study with three groups (n = 10: five men and five women in each group). The groups comprised the following: placebo (P), GH 0.1 IU/kg/day [0.033 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.1) and GH 0.2 IU/kg/day [0.067 mg/kg/day] (GH 0.2). RESULTS: In the pooled group with active GH treatment (n = 20) the results showed significant increases: IGF-I increased by 134% (baseline vs. after 1 month), body weight by 2.7%, fat free mass by 5.3%, total body water by 6.5% and extracellular water (ECW) by 9.6%. Body fat decreased significantly by 6.6%. No significant change in intracellular water was detected. The observed increase in fat free mass by 5.3% was explained by the ECW increase, indicating limited anabolic effects of the supraphysiological GH doses. Changes were noticeable in both genders, although more prominent in the male subjects. Fluid retention symptoms occurred in the majority of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the first placebo-controlled trial to show the effects of supraphysiological GH doses on body composition and IGF-I levels in physically active and healthy individuals of both genders; the results indicate limited anabolic effects of GH with these supraphysiological doses. The role of GH as an effective anabolic-doping agent is questioned.GH alone is not enough, which is why we stack…Here is an example of an effective stacking of compatible supplements to achieve a specific objective.Regulating of growth hormone sensitivity by sex steroids: implications for therapy.KK, Gibney J, Johannsson G, Wolthers T.Pituitary Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of body composition, reducing body fat by stimulating fat oxidation and enhancing lean body mass by stimulating protein accretion. The emergence of differences in body composition between the sexes during puberty suggests sex steroids modulate the action of GH. Work from our laboratory have investigated the influence of estrogens and androgens on the metabolic actions of GH in human adults. The liver is an important site of physiological interaction as it is a sex steroid responsive organ and a major target of GH action. Estrogen, when administered orally impairs the GHregulated endocrine and metabolic function of the liver via a first-pass effect. It reduces circulating IGF-I, fat oxidation and protein synthesis, contributing to a loss of lean and a gain of fat mass. These effects occur in normal and in GH-deficient women and are avoided by transdermal administration of physiological doses of estrogen. In contrast, studies in hypopituitary men indicate that testosterone enhances the metabolic effects of GH. Testosterone alone stimulates fat oxidation and protein synthesis, both of which are enhanced by GH. Studies in GH deficiency adults have consistently reported women to be less sensitive to GH than men. In summary, estrogens and androgens exert divergent effects on the action of GH. The results provide an explanation for sexual dimorphism in body composition in adults and the genderrelated response to GH replacement in hypopituitary subjects. In the management of hypopituitarism, estrogens should be administered by the parenteral route in women and testosterone be replaced in men to optimize the benefits of GH replacement.Eric D. Marchewitz, is one of the leading supplement experts in the country, his articles online are taken from his best selling book " Supplements For Genetic Growth " which explains how you can increase the number of muscle cells in your body using supplement stacks available at any health food store. 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